Abstract
Wearable biosensors have moved from simple step- and heart-rate-counting accessories toward sophisticated analytical devices capable of continuously tracking physiological and biochemical markers of health. Modern platforms integrate flexible or stretchable substrates, miniaturized electronics, and biorecognition elements that allow non-invasive or minimally invasive sampling of biofluids such as sweat, interstitial fluid, tears, and saliva, alongside conventional optical and electrical measurement of heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and skin temperature.
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