VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Abstract

Road transport is an essential part of modern mobility, yet combustion-powered vehicles remain an important source of urban air pollution. This paper reviews the principal pollutants associated with vehicle exhaust and discusses their environmental and health implications. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter are considered because of their different mechanisms of action. Carbon monoxide reduces the capacity of blood to transport oxygen; nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds contribute to ground-level ozone and photochemical smog; particulate matter penetrates the respiratory system; and carbon dioxide contributes to climate change. The review also considers indirect impacts on vegetation, soils and surface waters. The analysis shows that reducing transport-related pollution requires coordinated measures rather than a single technical solution. Effective approaches include stricter emission inspection, cleaner fuels, improved traffic management, reliable public transport, active mobility and a gradual transition to low- and zero-emission vehicles. These measures are especially relevant for rapidly growing urban areas, where vehicle use, congestion and population exposure occur simultaneously.