Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms inhabiting the human body and plays an important biological role in the development and functioning of the immune system. The relationship between the gut microbiota and the immune system is bidirectional: microorganisms shape immune responses, while the immune system regulates the composition and activity of the microbiota [1]. Short-chain fatty acids produced by the microbiota, particularly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, influence the intestinal epithelial barrier and the activity of immune cells [2]. In addition, the microbiota participates in bile acid metabolism and affects the formation of metabolic signals that regulate immune responses [3]. Alterations in the composition of the microbiota, known as dysbiosis, may be associated with disruption of immunological homeostasis [1,4].
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