International Congress on Economics, Management and Business Studies
International Congress on Economics, Management and Business Studies Aim & Scope: This congress focuses on economics, finance, management, entrepreneurship, and business innovation. It welcomes empirical, theoretical, and policy-oriented research related to global and emerging economies. About E-Conferencia Platform: Through open-access proceedings, E-Conferencia enhances the reach and transparency of economic and business research for scholars worldwide. Hosted Online from: New York, USA Schedule: 23rd of Each Month
NASAF AS A CENTER OF LEARNING: HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS, KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION, AND INTELLECTUAL LEGACY IN MAWARANNAHR
This article examines Nasaf as one of the important intellectual centers of Mawarannahr and analyzes its role in the formation, preservation, and transmission of knowledge in the medieval Islamic world. The study argues that Nasaf’s scholarly significance emerged from the interaction of its deep urban-historical roots, its location within the cultural geography of southern Sogdiana, and its integration into the broader religious and intellectual networks of Transoxiana. Special attention is given to the contributions of Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Najm al-Din Umar al-Nasafi, and Aziz Nasafi, whose works in kalam, theology, historiography, and Sufi thought reflect the diversity and maturity of the Nasaf scholarly tradition. The article concludes that Nasaf should be understood not merely as a provincial city of the past, but as an enduring center of Islamic learning whose legacy remains relevant to the study of Central Asian civilization, intellectual history, and the modern rediscovery of the region’s spiritual heritage.
Nasaf; Nakhshab; Mawarannahr; Transoxiana; Islamic scholarship; Maturidism; Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi; Umar al-Nasafi; Aziz Nasafi; intellectual history.
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MAKTABLARDA DAVLAT TILIDA ISH YURITISHNING AHAMIYATI VA AMALIY MASALALARI
Ushbu ilmiy maqolada umumta’lim maktablarida davlat tilida ish yuritishning nazariy asoslari, huquqiy-me’yoriy bazasi hamda amaliy muammolari kompleks tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida ta’lim muassasalarida rasmiy hujjatlarni yuritishda uchraydigan kamchiliklar aniqlanib, ularni bartaraf etishning samarali mexanizmlari taklif etiladi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalanish orqali ish yuritish jarayonlarini takomillashtirish masalalari yoritiladi.
davlat tili, ish yuritish, ta’lim tizimi, hujjatlar, maktab boshqaruvi, til siyosati.
O‘ZBEKISTONDA KO‘RSATILGAN BOZOR XIZMATLARI HAJMINING O‘SISH TRENDLARI
Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda bozor xizmatlari hajmining o‘sish dinamikasi, uning tarkibiy o‘zgarishlari va iqtisodiy rivojlanishdagi o‘rni tizimli tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda xizmatlar sektorining yalpi ichki mahsulotdagi ulushi ortib borayotgani, ayniqsa transport, aloqa, moliyaviy xizmatlar, savdo va axborot texnologiyalari xizmatlarining tez sur’atlarda rivojlanayotgani ilmiy asosda ko‘rsatib beriladi. Bozor xizmatlari hajmining o‘sishi urbanizatsiya jarayonlari, raqamli transformatsiya, aholi daromadlarining oshishi va iqtisodiyotning tarkibiy diversifikatsiyasi bilan uzviy bog‘liqligi aniqlanadi. Tadqiqotda statistik ma’lumotlar asosida xizmatlar sektorining o‘sish sur’atlari, hududlar kesimidagi tafovutlar va iqtisodiy samaradorlik ko‘rsatkichlari tahlil qilinadi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, xizmatlar sektorining kengayishi iqtisodiy o‘sishning asosiy drayverlaridan biriga aylanib bormoqda, biroq uning barqaror rivojlanishi institutsional muhit, infratuzilma sifati va raqamli texnologiyalar darajasiga bog‘liq.
bozor xizmatlari, xizmatlar sektori, iqtisodiy o‘sish, raqamli iqtisodiyot, urbanizatsiya, xizmatlar hajmi, GDP, xizmatlar bozori, iqtisodiy diversifikatsiya, infratuzilma
IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENOTYPE-GUIDED MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION: PILOT OUTCOMES AND HEALTH ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN
Cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) imposes a substantial clinical and economic burden on healthcare systems, particularly in developing countries where seroprevalence approaches 85–95% and resources for prolonged antiviral therapy and rehabilitation are limited (1, 7). Traditional management strategies rely on serial monitoring of viral load and serological markers to guide therapeutic decisions, constituting a reactive approach that identifies deterioration only after it has occurred (3, 6). The cost of treating a single episode of complicated CMVI (pneumonia, encephalitis, generalized infection) in Uzbekistan averages 8–15 million UZS, while long-term rehabilitation of a child with congenital CMVI can exceed 50–80 million UZS annually (7). Wang H. et al. (2020) estimated the global economic burden of congenital CMVI in developing countries at over 1.9 billion USD per year (7), underscoring the magnitude of the problem and the potential value of preventive strategies.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ETHNOCULTURAL TOURISM AND ITS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of ethnocultural tourism and analyzes its structural components in a systematic manner. The study explores the conceptual framework of ethnocultural tourism, its role in preserving cultural heritage, and its impact on socio-economic development. Particular attention is given to the key components of ethnocultural tourism, including ethnic heritage, cultural values, traditional lifestyles, handicrafts, folklore, gastronomy, and tourism infrastructure. The findings highlight the necessity of an integrated and sustainable approach to the development of ethnocultural tourism.
ethnocultural tourism, cultural heritage, ethnic identity, tourism resources, sustainable tourism, folklore, gastronomy.
THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST PRESS SYSTEM IN AFGHANISTAN
This article describes the reforms implemented by Amir Amanullah Khan in the field of press and the impact of newspapers and magazines created at that time on social life. The article is also enriched with the scientific works of scholars studying the history of Afghanistan. The article cites famous historical newspapers in Afghanistan as examples and substantiates them with scientific literature.
O’ZBEKISTONDA XUSUSIY SEKTORNI RIVOJLANTIRISH ORQALI MAKROIQTISODIY BARQARORLIKNI TA’MINLASH IMKONIYATLARI
Ushbu maqolada makroiqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash sharoitida xususiy sektor tizimini rivojlantirishning dolzarb masalalari yoritilgan bo‘lib, xususiy tadbirkorlik tushunchasi, uning jahon iqtisodiyotidagi ahamiyati, ushbu sohani rivojlanish tendentsiyalari o‘rganilib, xulosa va takliflar keltirib o‘tilgan.
makroiqtisodiyot, barqarorlik, tadbirkorlik, kichik va o’rta biznes.
ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
This article analyzes investment portfolio performance indicators, particularly Sharpe, Treynor, Sortino, Jensen’s Alpha, and Modigliani–Miller indicators, calculated based on a portfolio formed from 15 stocks. Based on the obtained results, scientific conclusions are presented regarding how effective the portfolio is for investors.
Portfolio performance, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, Jensen alpha coefficient, Sortino ratio, Modigliani–Miller, ROA, ROE, P/B, P/E, D/E indicators, beta coefficient.
THE HIDDEN CHALLENGES OF LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE
Learning a second language is a complex cognitive and social process that requires continuous practice, motivation, and appropriate learning strategies. Many students encounter hidden challenges that slow down their progress in language acquisition. These challenges include lack of confidence, time limitations, vocabulary acquisition difficulties, and age-related factors. The aim of this study is to analyze common obstacles faced by second language learners and to identify effective strategies that can improve the learning process. The research is based on the analysis of academic literature and observations of typical difficulties experienced by language learners. The findings indicate that interactive learning strategies, such as contextual vocabulary learning, multimedia resources, and time-management techniques, can significantly improve language learning outcomes. The study highlights the importance of learner-centered approaches that help students build confidence and develop practical communication skills.
second language learning, bilingualism, vocabulary acquisition, language confidence, language education
O‘QUV JARAYONIDA O‘QUVCHILAR MUSTAQIL ISHLARINING TUTGAN O‘RNI
Bilim olish, maxsus malakaga ega bo‘lish, talabalar dunyoqarashini shakllantirishda auditoriyada o‘tiladigan darslardan tashqari ular tomonidan bajariladigan mustaqil ishlar ham katta rol o‘ynaydi. Mustaqil ish faoliyatida bilimlarni egallash bilan birga, ko‘nikmalarni shakllantirish ham mustaqil amalga oshiriladi.
REFLECTION OF MORAL ATTITUDES IN MIKHAIL YURIYEVICH LERMONTOV’S WORK “THE HERO OF OUR TIME”
This article psychologically analyzes the relationship of Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin, the main character of Mikhail Lermontov’s novel “Hero of Our Time” with women, and reveals the conflicts between the concepts of “love” and “play” in Pechorin’s character through the characters of Bella, Marie and Vera.
Pechorin, love, game, moral attitude, female image, inner experiences.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF MAN AND SOCIETY IN LEV TOLSTOY’S NOVEL “RESURRECTION”
This article analyzes the relationship between the inner world of a person and society, their mutual influence, and the issue of moral criteria on the example of Lev Tolstoy’s novel “Resurrection”. “Resurrection” is one of the most important socio-philosophical works of the great Russian writer Lev Tolstoy, in which the complex relationship between man and society is deeply artistically interpreted. The life of Russia at the end of the 19th century, the judicial system in the country, problems such as social inequality and moral crisis are placed in the center of the novel. Through the work, the author revealed not only the process of spiritual awakening of a person, but also the influence of the social system on human destiny.
Resurrection, Tolstoy, society, Nekhlyudov, Maslova, fate, court, social inequality.
THE IMPACT OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ON LEARNING PERFORMANCE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system, myelin synthesis, and DNA biosynthesis. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that vitamin B12 deficiency in children is associated not only with hematological disorders but also with impairments in cognitive functions and academic performance. Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin involved in DNA synthesis, erythropoiesis, and the myelination of nerve fibers. Its deficiency, particularly during periods of growth and development, can have a significant impact on central nervous system function. According to recent scientific evidence, vitamin B12 deficiency remains a global public health concern among children, especially in low- and middle-income countries where its prevalence is higher. B12 deficiency disrupts the process of myelin formation, leading to slowed nerve impulse conduction and subsequent decline in cognitive functions.
РОЛЬ ESG-ИННОВАЦИЙ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ КОМПАНИЙ
В условиях глобальных экологических и социальных вызовов инвестиционный ландшафт претерпевает фундаментальные изменения. ESG-факторы (экологические, социальные и управленческие) трансформируются из второстепенных критериев в ключевые детерминанты долгосрочной стоимости и устойчивости бизнеса. В данном исследовании рассматривается роль ESG-инноваций как стратегического инструмента, непосредственно влияющего на инвестиционную привлекательность международных компаний. Цель работы - выявить и проанализировать механизмы этого влияния.
ESG-инновации, инвестиционная привлекательность, устойчивое развитие, международные компании, стратегическое управление, ESG-трансформация, ответственное инвестирование, корпоративная устойчивость, стоимостные драйверы, управление рисками.
O‘ZBEKISTON ELEKTRON TIJORAT BOZORIDA ONLINE SHARHLAR VA REYTING TIZIMLARINING ISTE’MOLCHILAR XARID QARORLARIGA TA’SIRINI EMPIRIK TAHLIL QILISH
Raqamli iqtisodiyot sharoitida elektron tijorat platformalari iste’molchilar va sotuvchilar o‘rtasidagi asosiy savdo maydoniga aylanmoqda. Internet texnologiyalarining rivojlanishi natijasida xarid jarayonida axborot asimmetriyasi muammosi yangi shakl kasb etdi. An’anaviy savdoda iste’molchi mahsulotni bevosita ko‘rib baholash imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, elektron savdoda bunday imkoniyat cheklangan.
THE CURRENT STATE OF ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE URGENCY OF ITS PROTECTION
This article examines the current state of ecology and the environment, as well as the impact of human activities on nature and the growing importance of environmental protection. The problems of atmospheric, water, and soil pollution, the reduction of biodiversity, and the consequences of global climate change are analyzed. The study also highlights the necessity of maintaining ecological balance, rational use of natural resources, and the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies. Furthermore, the importance of developing environmental awareness and ecological culture among society is emphasized. Environmental protection is considered an essential factor for sustainable development and the well-being of future generations.
Ecology, environment, environmental problems, air pollution, water resources, soil degradation, biodiversity, global climate change, ecological balance, ecological culture, natural resources, sustainable development.
FORMS, METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF TAX CONTROL
This article examines the forms, methods, and principles of tax control from a theoretical and analytical perspective. Tax control is considered an essential component of the public financial management system and an important mechanism for ensuring compliance with tax legislation. The study analyzes the main forms of tax control, including desk (cameral) audits, field tax inspections, tax monitoring, and tax audits. In addition, the methods applied in tax control such as documentary verification, analytical evaluation, comparative analysis, and risk-based assessment discussed. The article also highlights the fundamental principles guiding tax control activities, including legality, transparency, systematic implementation, and efficiency. The findings indicate that effective tax control contributes significantly to improving tax compliance, strengthening fiscal discipline, and ensuring stable budget revenues. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the growing role of digital technologies, automated information systems, and risk-oriented approaches in enhancing the efficiency of tax administration and control mechanisms. The research concludes that the modernization of tax control practices is essential for ensuring sustainable economic development and improving the effectiveness of fiscal policy.
tax control, tax administration, tax inspection, fiscal policy, tax compliance, monitoring, public finance.
ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPING EXPORT ACTIVITIES OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL FEATURES: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The development of export activities in the textile industry is an important factor in ensuring economic growth, increasing foreign exchange revenues, and strengthening the competitiveness of national economies. In recent years, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of economic reforms aimed at supporting export-oriented industries, particularly the textile sector. This article examines the economic mechanisms that contribute to the development of export activities of textile industry enterprises and analyzes their functional characteristics using the example of Uzbekistan. The study identifies key economic mechanisms such as financial incentives, tax benefits, investment support, export infrastructure development, and institutional regulation. Special attention is given to the role of government policies and industrial modernization in increasing export capacity. The findings indicate that effective economic mechanisms can significantly improve the competitiveness of textile enterprises and expand their participation in international markets. The article also provides recommendations for further improvement of export support policies in Uzbekistan.
textile industry, export activity, economic mechanisms, export promotion, competitiveness, Uzbekistan.
ECONOMIC ESSENCE, STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF EXPORT POTENTIAL OF TEXTILE ENTERPRISES: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The development of export potential is one of the key factors ensuring sustainable economic growth and competitiveness of industrial sectors. The textile industry plays an important role in the economy of many developing countries due to its high employment capacity and strong export orientation. Uzbekistan possesses significant opportunities for the development of the textile sector because of its rich raw material base, particularly cotton resources. This article examines the economic essence, structural components, and theoretical approaches to the formation of export potential of textile enterprises. Special attention is given to the analysis of export potential in the textile sector of Uzbekistan. The research identifies the main components of export potential, including production capacity, technological level, financial resources, human capital, and marketing capabilities. The study also highlights the role of government policy and institutional support in strengthening export performance. The findings suggest that effective management of internal resources and the implementation of modern technologies can significantly enhance the export potential of textile enterprises in Uzbekistan.
export potential, textile industry, international trade, competitiveness, industrial development, Uzbekistan.
STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING TOURISM EFFICIENCY BASED ON MARKETING RESEARCH
This article examines the strategy for improving the efficiency of pilgrimage tourism based on marketing research, which examines the need for a radical improvement in the system of providing tourism services to increase the potential of tourism, further measures to increase the potential of domestic tourism. and foreign tourism, and also indicates comprehensive measures to solve the main problems in the field of tourism, the need to develop an action plan and other issues.
Marketing research, strategy, efficiency of pilgrimage tourism, tourism services, domestic and foreign tourism, tourism competence.
THE INTERSECTION OF SUSTAINABILITY AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE BUSINESS TOURISM INDUSTRY
This article examines how sustainability and digital transformation converge to reshape the business tourism industry. Drawing on verified data from the World Economic Forum, WTTC, Bain & Company, UN Tourism, Grand View Research, and the Net Zero Carbon Events initiative, the study analyzes five domains where sustainability and digitalization intersect: hybrid event formats, smart destination management, AI-driven resource optimization, carbon measurement technologies, and digital sustainability communication. The global travel and tourism sector contributed $11.1 trillion to the world economy in 2024 (WTTC), while the MICE market reached approximately $946 billion in 2025, with over 35% of corporate clients now requiring green travel compliance. The article proposes an integrated framework for sustainable digital business tourism and discusses implications for emerging destinations.
Sustainability, digital transformation, business tourism, MICE, hybrid events, carbon neutrality, smart destinations, green tourism, AI in tourism, Net Zero Carbon Events.
ФУҚАРОЛИК ПРОЦЕССИДА ЎЗ НОМИДАН БОШҚА ШАХСЛАР ҲУҚУҚЛАРИНИ ҲИМОЯ ҚИЛУВЧИ СУБЪЕКТЛАР ИШТИРОКИГА ОИД ҚОНУНЧИЛИК РИВОЖЛАНИШ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРИ
Ўзбекистон ҳудудида фуқаролик суд ишларини юритиш соҳасида ўз номидан бошқа шахслар ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш институти мустақилликка қадар бўлган даврда СССР ҳуқуқий тизими таъсирида шаклланган. Хусусан, Ўзбек ССРнинг 1963 йилда қабул қилинган Фуқаролик процессуал кодексида бошқа шахслар ҳуқуқ ва манфаатларини ҳимоя қилиш мақсадида айрим давлат ва жамоат органларининг суд ишларида иштирок этиши назарда тутилган эди. Мазкур Кодексда бу институт, асосан, давлат ва жамоат манфаатларини таъминлашга қаратилган бўлиб, унинг мазмуни марказлашган давлат бошқаруви модели билан узвий боғлиқ бўлган1. Айни пайтда, ушбу норматив тартиб шахснинг индивидуал ҳуқуқларини эмас, балки умумдавлат ва жамоат манфаатларини устувор қўйиши билан тавсифланган. Бундай ёндашув фуқаролик суд ишларини юритишда шахснинг мустақил ҳуқуқий мавқеини иккинчи даражага суриб, давлат ва жамоат органларининг процессуал фаоллигини асосий ўринга қўйган.
S-SCAN:AN ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENSE-BASED HYPERSPECTRAL SMARTPHONE PLATFORM FOR NON-INVASIVE MEDICAL
Early detection of pathological conditions is a fundamental requirement for effective disease prevention and clinical intervention. However, conventional diagnostic procedures often rely on laboratory-based analyses, invasive sampling methods, and specialized medical equipment, which can limit accessibility and delay early diagnosis. This study introduces S-SCAN, an artificial intelligence (AI)–driven hyperspectral smartphone platform designed to enable non-invasive medical diagnostics through optical spectral analysis of biological tissues.The proposed system transforms a smartphone camera into a hyperspectral sensing device capable of capturing reflected optical signals from human tissues across multiple wavelengths. The collected spectral data are processed through a deep learning framework combining convolutional neural networks (CNN) for hyperspectral feature extraction and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for temporal physiological signal modeling. This hybrid architecture enables the identification of complex spectral patterns associated with biochemical and metabolic changes in biological tissues.To ensure secure handling of sensitive medical information, the system incorporates blockchain-based data management and AES-256 encryption protocols, providing robust protection for patient data during storage and transmission. Experimental simulations and conceptual evaluations indicate that the integrated model can achieve diagnostic accuracy levels approaching 97–98%, while significantly reducing analysis time and resource requirements compared to conventional laboratory diagnostics.The results demonstrate that AI-driven hyperspectral mobile diagnostic systems have strong potential to support preventive healthcare, facilitate early disease detection, and expand access to medical services in remote or resource-limited environments.
artificial intelligence, hyperspectral imaging, mobile health diagnostics, non-invasive medical analysis, smartphone-based diagnostics, biomedical optics.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This thesis examines the directions for improving the organizational and economic mechanism for the formation and development of the oil and gas sector in the Republic of Uzbekistan based on an analysis of foreign experience. Management models in Norway, the United States, and Saudi Arabia are analyzed, highlighting differences in approaches to resource rent distribution, the role of the state, and the level of market competition. The possibility of adapting specific elements of these models to the conditions of Uzbekistan is justified, taking into account the institutional characteristics of the national economy. The study concludes that enhancing transparency in revenue management, introducing innovative technologies, and implementing strategic planning for sector development are essential for sustainable growth.
Oil and gas sector, Republic of Uzbekistan, organizational and economic mechanism, international experience, resource rent, state regulation, economic diversification.
POLYGENIC RISK BURDEN AND THE NARROWING OF THE SAFE OPERATIVE WINDOW IN ACUTE CALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
Emergency cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis carries a disproportionate share of preventable morbidity in abdominal surgery. Published conversion rates from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy range from 8% to 22% [1], and are largely determined by whether surgery is performed before or after dense perivesical infiltration has consolidated the tissues of Calot's triangle. Tokyo Guidelines 2018 classify severity at presentation but offer no instrument for predicting how rapidly a given patient's disease will progress to the gangrenous or perforative stage [2]. In clinical practice, this gap is bridged by sequential reassessment, a strategy that works well for the majority but fails for the subset of patients who deteriorate within the first 12 hours of admission.
CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC VALIDATION OF A GENETICALLY INFORMED ALGORITHM IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS
The step-up approach to necrotising pancreatitis, introduced by van Santvoort and colleagues in the PANTER trial [1], established the principle that percutaneous drainage and video-assisted retroperitoneal necrosectomy should precede open surgery. However, the critical limitation of conventional step-up protocols is their dependence on clinical parameters that mature only at 48-72 hours, by which time the window for pre-emptive intervention has often closed. In the emergency surgical centres of Uzbekistan, this problem is compounded by the high proportion of late presentations and a local prevalence of severe AP that exceeds global averages [2]. Integrating molecular-genetic risk stratification at admission offers a means to overcome this temporal constraint: patients carrying three or more risk alleles in the VEGFA, MMP9, SPINK1, CAT and CYP2C19 gene panel have a probability of severe/necrotizing AP exceeding 75%, justifying urgent intervention within the first 12-24 hours rather than watchful waiting [3]. The clinical and economic consequences of implementing such a genetically informed algorithm at scale have not previously been reported.
IL28B POLYMORPHISM (rs12979860) AND HOST INNATE IMMUNITY IN PREDICTING CIRRHOSIS DEVELOPMENT AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
The IL28B gene encodes interferon-lambda-3, a cytokine that activates JAK-STAT signaling in hepatocytes and plays a pivotal role in the innate antiviral response against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The rs12979860 C/T polymorphism, first identified through genome-wide association studies, has been consistently linked with both spontaneous viral clearance and treatment-induced sustained virologic response [1]. Even in the current era of direct-acting antivirals, IL28B retains prognostic significance because genetically determined inflammatory intensity affects the rate of fibrogenesis irrespective of virologic outcomes [2]. Eslam M. et al. (2017) demonstrated that the IFNL3 haplotype mediates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis progression independently of viral replication [3]. Population-level data on IL28B allele frequencies in Central Asian cohorts remain limited, which restricts the applicability of existing prediction models to this region.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL GAMES IN THE TRAINING AND EDUCATION OF FOOTBALL GOALKEEPERS
This scientific article explores the role and significance of national games in the training and education of football goalkeepers. The study analyzes methods for developing the technical and tactical skills of goalkeepers through national games. In the experimental group, football players participated in exercises based on national games, and their reaction time, effectiveness in blocking shots, and accuracy in targeting were measured. The results demonstrated that national games serve as an effective tool in improving goalkeepers’ technical and psychological skills, contributing to the enhancement of their physical and mental well-being.
Football, goalkeeper, national games, physical education, technical training, tactics, sports pedagogy, movement games, athlete preparation, psychological training.
GANDBOL O‘YINIDA HUJUM ZARBASIGA QARSHI DARVOZABONNI OLDINDAN SEZISH QOBILIYATLARINI MILLIY O‘YINLAR ORQALI RIVOJLANTIRISH
Ushbu maqolada gandbol o‘yinida darvozabonning hujum zarbalariga nisbatan reaksiyasini oldindan sezish qobiliyatini rivojlantirishning samarali usullari tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, milliy o‘yinlar orqali darvozabonning taktik tayyorgarligi va psixomotor ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish masalasi yoritiladi. Tadqiqot davomida milliy harakatli o‘yinlarning gandbol darvozabonlari reaktsion qobiliyatiga ijobiy ta’siri empirik usullar orqali o‘rganiladi.
Gandbol, darvozabon, milliy o‘yinlar, reaksion qobiliyat, taktik tayyorgarlik, motorika, sport metodikasi. Конечный текст на русском языке:
INSULIN REZISTENTLIGI VA SURUNKALI GEPATIT PATOGENEZIDAGI O‘RNI
Surunkali jigar kasalliklari global sog‘liqni saqlash tizimida muhim epidemiologik muammo hisoblanadi. Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti (JSST) ma’lumotlariga ko‘ra, jigar sirrozi va boshqa surunkali jigar kasalliklari har yili 1,3 milliondan ortiq o‘lim holatlariga sabab bo‘ladi. Virusli gepatitlar, metabolik sindrom va noto‘g‘ri ovqatlanish jigar patologiyalarining asosiy etiologik omillari sifatida qaraladi.